Description

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INTRODUCTION.- Brief history of Radiotherapy.- Cancer: Statistical analysis.- Conventional radiotherapy.- Protontherapy.- Carbon ion therapy.- Hadrontherapy Timeline.- EQUIPMENTS AND TECHNIQUES.- The Cyclotron, Ernest Orlando Lawrence / Equations.- The Proton Synchrotron / Equations.- C400 from IBA / Hybrid system. When to use cyclotron or synchrotron: Power and current.- Synchrotron at Loma Linda University Medical Center, Heidelberg, CNAO, NIRS (Japan). PTCOG.- Gantry specifications. Compact gantry.- How to obtain particles (protons, neutrons) and heavy ions for hadron therapy.- Relativistic velocities.- Carbon ion therapy at Berkeley.- Other techniques in development: Dielectric Wall Accelerator and Laser.- Analytical: small samples and different equipment.- ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES, SIMILARITIES. DISCUSSION.- Stopping power.- LET and RBE (determination), Vienna's Congress.- Phanton.- Radiation dose.- Intensity-controlled raster scan method.- Impact of radiation at the microscopic level.- Table. Explanation.- Fluka: a simulation code.- Estimating the risk of second malignancies.- Comments and discussion on Positrons.- WHEN CARBON ION THERAPY MUST BE USED.- Elective indications for carbon ion therapy.- Recurrent tumors.- Children tumors.- Chordoma/chondrosarcoma.- Malignant salivary gland tumors.- Malignant melanoma of the paranasal sinus.- Soft tissue sarcomas and bone tumors.- Early stage lung cancer.- Liver tumors.- Prostate carcinoma.- New centers of carbon ion therapy.